IBNLearner.cpp

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/****************************************************************************
 *   This file is part of the aGrUM/pyAgrum library.                        *
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 *   Copyright (c) 2005-2026 by                                             *
 *       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 *
 *       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     *
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 *       - Pierre-Henri WUILLEMIN(_at_LIP6)                                 *
 *       - Christophe GONZALES(_at_AMU)                                     *
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#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
 
#include <agrum/agrum.h>
 
#include <agrum/base/stattests/indepTestChi2.h>
#include <agrum/base/stattests/indepTestG2.h>
#include <agrum/base/stattests/pseudoCount.h>
#include <agrum/BN/learning/BNLearnUtils/BNLearnerListener.h>
#include <agrum/BN/learning/BNLearnUtils/IBNLearner.h>
#include <agrum/BN/learning/scores/scoreLog2Likelihood.h>
 
// include the inlined functions if necessary
#ifdef GUM_NO_INLINE
#  include <agrum/BN/learning/BNLearnUtils/IBNLearner_inl.h>
#endif /* GUM_NO_INLINE */
 
namespace gum::learning {
  IBNLearner::Database::Database(const DatabaseTable& db) : _database_(db) {
    // get the variables names
    const auto&       var_names = _database_.variableNames();
    const std::size_t nb_vars   = var_names.size();
    for (auto dom: _database_.domainSizes())
      _domain_sizes_.push_back(dom);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nb_vars; ++i) {
      _nodeId2cols_.insert(NodeId(i), i);
    }
 
    // create the parser
    _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database::Database(std::string_view                  filename,
                                 const std::vector< std::string >& missing_symbols,
                                 const bool                        induceTypes) :
      Database(IBNLearner::readFile_(filename, missing_symbols)) {
    // if the usr wants the best translators to be inferred, just do it
    if (induceTypes) {
      for (const auto& [first, second]: _database_.betterTranslators()) {
        // change the translator
        _database_.changeTranslator(*second, first);
        // recompute the domain size
        _domain_sizes_[first] = second->domainSize();
      }
    }
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database::Database(std::string_view                  CSV_filename,
                                 const Database&                   score_database,
                                 const std::vector< std::string >& missing_symbols) {
    // assign to each column name in the CSV file its column
    IBNLearner::isCSVFileName_(CSV_filename);
    DBInitializerFromCSV                  initializer{std::string(CSV_filename)};
    const auto&                           prior_names   = initializer.variableNames();
    std::size_t                           prior_nb_vars = prior_names.size();
    HashTable< std::string, std::size_t > prior_names2col(prior_nb_vars);
    for (auto i = std::size_t(0); i < prior_nb_vars; ++i)
      prior_names2col.insert(prior_names[i], i);
 
    // check that there are at least as many variables in the a priori
    // database as those in the score_database
    if (prior_nb_vars < score_database._database_.nbVariables()) {
      GUM_ERROR(InvalidArgument,
                "the a prior database has fewer variables "
                "than the observed database")
    }
 
    // get the mapping from the columns of score_database to those of
    // the CSV file
    const std::vector< std::string >& score_names = score_database.databaseTable().variableNames();
    const std::size_t                 score_nb_vars = score_names.size();
    HashTable< std::size_t, std::size_t > mapping(score_nb_vars);
    for (auto i = std::size_t(0); i < score_nb_vars; ++i) {
      try {
        mapping.insert(i, prior_names2col[score_names[i]]);
      } catch (Exception const&) {
        GUM_ERROR(MissingVariableInDatabase,
                  "Variable " << score_names[i]
                              << " of the observed database does not belong to the "
                              << "prior database")
      }
    }
 
    // create the translators for CSV database
    for (auto i = std::size_t(0); i < score_nb_vars; ++i) {
      const Variable& var = score_database.databaseTable().variable(i);
      _database_.insertTranslator(var, mapping[i], missing_symbols);
    }
 
    // fill the database
    initializer.fillDatabase(_database_);
 
    // get the domain sizes of the variables
    for (auto dom: _database_.domainSizes())
      _domain_sizes_.push_back(dom);
 
    // compute the mapping from node ids to column indices
    _nodeId2cols_ = score_database.nodeId2Columns();
 
    // create the parser
    _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database::Database(const Database& from) :
      _database_(from._database_), _domain_sizes_(from._domain_sizes_),
      _nodeId2cols_(from._nodeId2cols_) {
    // create the parser
    _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database::Database(Database&& from) :
      _database_(std::move(from._database_)), _domain_sizes_(std::move(from._domain_sizes_)),
      _nodeId2cols_(std::move(from._nodeId2cols_)) {
    // create the parser
    _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database::~Database() { delete _parser_; }
 
  IBNLearner::Database& IBNLearner::Database::operator=(const Database& from) {
    if (this != &from) {
      delete _parser_;
      _database_     = from._database_;
      _domain_sizes_ = from._domain_sizes_;
      _nodeId2cols_  = from._nodeId2cols_;
 
      // create the parser
      _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
    }
 
    return *this;
  }
 
  IBNLearner::Database& IBNLearner::Database::operator=(Database&& from) {
    if (this != &from) {
      delete _parser_;
      _database_     = std::move(from._database_);
      _domain_sizes_ = std::move(from._domain_sizes_);
      _nodeId2cols_  = std::move(from._nodeId2cols_);
 
      // create the parser
      _parser_ = new DBRowGeneratorParser(_database_.handler(), DBRowGeneratorSet());
    }
 
    return *this;
  }
 
  // ===========================================================================
 
  IBNLearner::IBNLearner(std::string_view                  filename,
                         const std::vector< std::string >& missing_symbols,
                         const bool                        induceTypes) :
      inducedTypes_(induceTypes), scoreDatabase_(filename, missing_symbols, induceTypes),
      filename_(filename) {
    noPrior_ = new NoPrior(scoreDatabase_.databaseTable());
 
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(IBNLearner)
  }
 
  IBNLearner::IBNLearner(const DatabaseTable& db) : scoreDatabase_(db) {
    noPrior_ = new NoPrior(scoreDatabase_.databaseTable());
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(IBNLearner)
  }
 
  IBNLearner::IBNLearner(const IBNLearner& from) :
      IApproximationSchemeConfiguration(from), ThreadNumberManager(from),
      inducedTypes_(from.inducedTypes_), scoreType_(from.scoreType_),
      paramEstimatorType_(from.paramEstimatorType_), useEM_(from.useEM_), noiseEM_(from.noiseEM_),
      priorType_(from.priorType_), priorWeight_(from.priorWeight_),
      constraintSliceOrder_(from.constraintSliceOrder_),
      constraintIndegree_(from.constraintIndegree_), constraintTabuList_(from.constraintTabuList_),
      constraintForbiddenArcs_(from.constraintForbiddenArcs_),
      constraintMandatoryArcs_(from.constraintMandatoryArcs_),
      constraintNoParentNodes_(from.constraintNoParentNodes_),
      constraintNoChildrenNodes_(from.constraintNoChildrenNodes_),
      selectedAlgo_(from.selectedAlgo_), algoK2_(from.algoK2_),
      algoSimpleMiic_(from.algoSimpleMiic_), algoMiic_(from.algoMiic_), kmodeMiic_(from.kmodeMiic_),
      dag2BN_(from.dag2BN_), greedyHillClimbing_(from.greedyHillClimbing_),
      localSearchWithTabuList_(from.localSearchWithTabuList_), scoreDatabase_(from.scoreDatabase_),
      ranges_(from.ranges_), priorDbname_(from.priorDbname_), initialDag_(from.initialDag_),
      filename_(from.filename_), nbDecreasingChanges_(from.nbDecreasingChanges_) {
    noPrior_ = new NoPrior(scoreDatabase_.databaseTable());
 
    GUM_CONS_CPY(IBNLearner)
  }
 
  IBNLearner::IBNLearner(IBNLearner&& from) :
      ThreadNumberManager(std::move(from)), inducedTypes_(from.inducedTypes_),
      scoreType_(from.scoreType_), paramEstimatorType_(from.paramEstimatorType_),
      useEM_(from.useEM_), noiseEM_(from.noiseEM_), priorType_(from.priorType_),
      priorWeight_(from.priorWeight_), constraintSliceOrder_(std::move(from.constraintSliceOrder_)),
      constraintIndegree_(std::move(from.constraintIndegree_)),
      constraintTabuList_(std::move(from.constraintTabuList_)),
      constraintForbiddenArcs_(std::move(from.constraintForbiddenArcs_)),
      constraintMandatoryArcs_(std::move(from.constraintMandatoryArcs_)),
      constraintNoParentNodes_(std::move(from.constraintNoParentNodes_)),
      constraintNoChildrenNodes_(std::move(from.constraintNoChildrenNodes_)),
      selectedAlgo_(from.selectedAlgo_), algoK2_(std::move(from.algoK2_)),
      algoSimpleMiic_(std::move(from.algoSimpleMiic_)), algoMiic_(std::move(from.algoMiic_)),
      kmodeMiic_(from.kmodeMiic_), dag2BN_(std::move(from.dag2BN_)),
      greedyHillClimbing_(std::move(from.greedyHillClimbing_)),
      localSearchWithTabuList_(std::move(from.localSearchWithTabuList_)),
      scoreDatabase_(std::move(from.scoreDatabase_)), ranges_(std::move(from.ranges_)),
      priorDbname_(std::move(from.priorDbname_)), initialDag_(std::move(from.initialDag_)),
      filename_(std::move(from.filename_)),
      nbDecreasingChanges_(std::move(from.nbDecreasingChanges_)) {
    noPrior_ = new NoPrior(scoreDatabase_.databaseTable());
 
    GUM_CONS_MOV(IBNLearner)
  }
 
  IBNLearner::~IBNLearner() {
    if (score_) delete score_;
 
    if (prior_) delete prior_;
 
    if (noPrior_) delete noPrior_;
 
    if (priorDatabase_) delete priorDatabase_;
 
    if (mutualInfo_) delete mutualInfo_;
 
    if (indepTestPC_) delete indepTestPC_;
 
    if (indepTestFCI_) delete indepTestFCI_;
 
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(IBNLearner)
  }
 
  IBNLearner& IBNLearner::operator=(const IBNLearner& from) {
    if (this != &from) {
      if (score_) {
        delete score_;
        score_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (prior_) {
        delete prior_;
        prior_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (priorDatabase_) {
        delete priorDatabase_;
        priorDatabase_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (mutualInfo_) {
        delete mutualInfo_;
        mutualInfo_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      ThreadNumberManager::operator=(from);
      scoreType_                 = from.scoreType_;
      paramEstimatorType_        = from.paramEstimatorType_;
      useEM_                     = from.useEM_;
      noiseEM_                   = from.noiseEM_;
      priorType_                 = from.priorType_;
      priorWeight_               = from.priorWeight_;
      constraintSliceOrder_      = from.constraintSliceOrder_;
      constraintIndegree_        = from.constraintIndegree_;
      constraintTabuList_        = from.constraintTabuList_;
      constraintForbiddenArcs_   = from.constraintForbiddenArcs_;
      constraintNoParentNodes_   = from.constraintNoParentNodes_;
      constraintNoChildrenNodes_ = from.constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
      constraintMandatoryArcs_   = from.constraintMandatoryArcs_;
      selectedAlgo_              = from.selectedAlgo_;
      algoK2_                    = from.algoK2_;
      algoSimpleMiic_            = from.algoSimpleMiic_;
      algoMiic_                  = from.algoMiic_;
      kmodeMiic_                 = from.kmodeMiic_;
      dag2BN_                    = from.dag2BN_;
      greedyHillClimbing_        = from.greedyHillClimbing_;
      localSearchWithTabuList_   = from.localSearchWithTabuList_;
      scoreDatabase_             = from.scoreDatabase_;
      ranges_                    = from.ranges_;
      priorDbname_               = from.priorDbname_;
      initialDag_                = from.initialDag_;
      filename_                  = from.filename_;
      nbDecreasingChanges_       = from.nbDecreasingChanges_;
      currentAlgorithm_          = nullptr;
    }
 
    return *this;
  }
 
  IBNLearner& IBNLearner::operator=(IBNLearner&& from) {
    if (this != &from) {
      if (score_) {
        delete score_;
        score_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (prior_) {
        delete prior_;
        prior_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (priorDatabase_) {
        delete priorDatabase_;
        priorDatabase_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      if (mutualInfo_) {
        delete mutualInfo_;
        mutualInfo_ = nullptr;
      }
 
      ThreadNumberManager::operator=(std::move(from));
      scoreType_                 = from.scoreType_;
      paramEstimatorType_        = from.paramEstimatorType_;
      useEM_                     = from.useEM_;
      noiseEM_                   = from.noiseEM_;
      priorType_                 = from.priorType_;
      priorWeight_               = from.priorWeight_;
      constraintSliceOrder_      = std::move(from.constraintSliceOrder_);
      constraintIndegree_        = std::move(from.constraintIndegree_);
      constraintTabuList_        = std::move(from.constraintTabuList_);
      constraintForbiddenArcs_   = std::move(from.constraintForbiddenArcs_);
      constraintNoParentNodes_   = std::move(from.constraintNoParentNodes_);
      constraintNoChildrenNodes_ = std::move(from.constraintNoChildrenNodes_);
      constraintMandatoryArcs_   = std::move(from.constraintMandatoryArcs_);
      selectedAlgo_              = from.selectedAlgo_;
      algoK2_                    = from.algoK2_;
      algoSimpleMiic_            = std::move(from.algoSimpleMiic_);
      algoMiic_                  = std::move(from.algoMiic_);
      kmodeMiic_                 = from.kmodeMiic_;
      dag2BN_                    = std::move(from.dag2BN_);
      greedyHillClimbing_        = std::move(from.greedyHillClimbing_);
      localSearchWithTabuList_   = std::move(from.localSearchWithTabuList_);
      scoreDatabase_             = std::move(from.scoreDatabase_);
      ranges_                    = std::move(from.ranges_);
      priorDbname_               = std::move(from.priorDbname_);
      filename_                  = std::move(from.filename_);
      initialDag_                = std::move(from.initialDag_);
      nbDecreasingChanges_       = std::move(from.nbDecreasingChanges_);
      currentAlgorithm_          = nullptr;
    }
 
    return *this;
  }
 
  DatabaseTable readFile(const std::string& filename) {
    // get the extension of the file
    if (auto filename_size = Size(filename.size()); filename_size < 4) {
      GUM_ERROR(FormatNotFound,
                "IBNLearner could not determine the "
                "file type of the database '"
                    << filename << "'")
    }
 
    std::string extension = filename.substr(filename.size() - 4);
    std::transform(extension.begin(), extension.end(), extension.begin(), ::tolower);
 
    if (extension != ".csv") {
      GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed,
                "IBNLearner does not support yet this type ('" << extension
                                                               << "')"
                                                                  "of database file")
    }
 
    DBInitializerFromCSV initializer(filename);
 
    const auto&       var_names = initializer.variableNames();
    const std::size_t nb_vars   = var_names.size();
 
    DBTranslatorSet                translator_set;
    DBTranslator4LabelizedVariable translator;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nb_vars; ++i) {
      translator_set.insertTranslator(translator, i);
    }
 
    DatabaseTable database(translator_set);
    database.setVariableNames(initializer.variableNames());
    initializer.fillDatabase(database);
 
    return database;
  }
 
  void IBNLearner::isCSVFileName_(std::string_view filename) {
    // get the extension of the file
 
    if (auto filename_size = Size(filename.size()); filename_size < 4) {
      GUM_ERROR(FormatNotFound,
                "IBNLearner could not determine the "
                "file type of the database")
    }
 
    std::string extension(filename.substr(filename.size() - 4));
    std::transform(extension.begin(), extension.end(), extension.begin(), ::tolower);
 
    if (extension != ".csv") {
      GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed, "IBNLearner does not support yet this type of database file")
    }
  }
 
  DatabaseTable IBNLearner::readFile_(std::string_view                  filename,
                                      const std::vector< std::string >& missing_symbols) {
    // get the extension of the file
    isCSVFileName_(filename);
 
    DBInitializerFromCSV initializer{std::string(filename)};
 
    const auto&       var_names = initializer.variableNames();
    const std::size_t nb_vars   = var_names.size();
 
    DBTranslatorSet                translator_set;
    DBTranslator4LabelizedVariable translator(missing_symbols);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nb_vars; ++i) {
      translator_set.insertTranslator(translator, i);
    }
 
    DatabaseTable database(missing_symbols, translator_set);
    database.setVariableNames(initializer.variableNames());
    initializer.fillDatabase(database);
 
    database.reorder();
 
    return database;
  }
 
  void IBNLearner::createScore_() {
    // first, save the old score, to be delete if everything is ok
    Score* old_score = score_;
 
    // create the new scoring function
    switch (scoreType_) {
      case ScoreType::AIC :
        score_ = new ScoreAIC(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                              *prior_,
                              ranges_,
                              scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::BD :
        score_ = new ScoreBD(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                             *prior_,
                             ranges_,
                             scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::BDeu :
        score_ = new ScoreBDeu(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                               *prior_,
                               ranges_,
                               scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::BIC :
        score_ = new ScoreBIC(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                              *prior_,
                              ranges_,
                              scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::fNML :
        score_ = new ScorefNML(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                               *prior_,
                               ranges_,
                               scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::K2 :
        score_ = new ScoreK2(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                             *prior_,
                             ranges_,
                             scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::LOG2LIKELIHOOD :
        score_ = new ScoreLog2Likelihood(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                         *prior_,
                                         ranges_,
                                         scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      case ScoreType::MDL :
        score_ = new ScoreMDL(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                              *prior_,
                              ranges_,
                              scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        break;
 
      default : GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed, "IBNLearner does not support yet this score")
    }
 
    // remove the old score, if any
    if (old_score != nullptr) delete old_score;
 
    // assign the number of threads
    score_->setNumberOfThreads(this->isGumNumberOfThreadsOverriden() ? this->getNumberOfThreads()
                                                                     : 0);
  }
 
  ParamEstimator* IBNLearner::createParamEstimator_(const DBRowGeneratorParser& parser,
                                                    bool take_into_account_score) {
    ParamEstimator* param_estimator = nullptr;
 
    // create the new estimator
    switch (paramEstimatorType_) {
      case ParamEstimatorType::ML :
        if (take_into_account_score && (score_ != nullptr)) {
          param_estimator = new ParamEstimatorML(parser,
                                                 *prior_,
                                                 score_->internalPrior(),
                                                 ranges_,
                                                 scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        } else {
          param_estimator = new ParamEstimatorML(parser,
                                                 *prior_,
                                                 *noPrior_,
                                                 ranges_,
                                                 scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
        }
 
        break;
 
      default :
        GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed,
                  "IBNLearner does not support " << "yet this parameter estimator")
    }
 
    // assign the number of threads
    param_estimator->setNumberOfThreads(
        this->isGumNumberOfThreadsOverriden() ? this->getNumberOfThreads() : 0);
 
    // assign the set of ranges
    param_estimator->setRanges(ranges_);
 
    return param_estimator;
  }
 
  /*  /// prepares the initial graph for miic
    MixedGraph IBNLearner::prepareSimpleMiic_() {
      // Initialize the mixed graph to the fully connected graph
      MixedGraph mgraph;
      for (Size i = 0; i < scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().nbVariables(); ++i) {
        mgraph.addNodeWithId(i);
        for (Size j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
          mgraph.addEdge(j, i);
        }
      }
 
      // translating the constraints for miic
      HashTable< std::pair< NodeId, NodeId >, char > initial_marks;
      for (const auto& arc: constraintMandatoryArcs_.arcs()) {
        initial_marks.insert({arc.tail(), arc.head()}, '>');
      }
 
      for (const auto& arc: constraintForbiddenArcs_.arcs()) {
        initial_marks.insert({arc.tail(), arc.head()}, '-');
      }
      algoSimpleMiic_.addConstraints(initial_marks);
 
      // create the mutual entropy object
      createCorrectedMutualInformation_();
 
      return mgraph;
    }*/
 
  // prepares the initial graph for constraintMiic
  MixedGraph IBNLearner::prepareMiic_() {
    // Initialize the mixed graph to the fully connected graph
    MixedGraph mgraph;
    DiGraph    forbiddenGraph;
    DAG        mandatoryGraph;
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    for (Size i = 0; i < scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().nbVariables(); ++i) {
      mgraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      forbiddenGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      mandatoryGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
    }
 
    const EdgeSet& possible_edges = constraintPossibleEdges_.edges();
 
    if (possible_edges.empty()) {
      for (const NodeId i: mgraph.nodes()) {
        for (NodeId j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
          // contiguous nodeIds !
          mgraph.addEdge(j, i);
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (const auto& edge: possible_edges) {
        mgraph.addEdge(edge.first(), edge.second());
      }
    }
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
 
    // translating the mandatory arcs for constraintMiic
    HashTable< std::pair< NodeId, NodeId >, char > initial_marks;
    const ArcSet&                                  mandatory_arcs = constraintMandatoryArcs_.arcs();
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    for (const auto& arc: mandatory_arcs) {
      mandatoryGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
      // MIIC's marks mechanism (orientationMiic_) handles the reverse direction;
      // adding it to forbiddenGraph would cause DuplicateElement (unlike preparePC_).
    }
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    //  translating the forbidden arcs for constraintMiic
    const ArcSet& forbidden_arcs = constraintForbiddenArcs_.arcs();
    for (const auto& arc: forbidden_arcs) {
      forbiddenGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
    }
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    const gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size > sliceOrder = constraintSliceOrder_.sliceOrder();
    gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size >       copyOrder  = gum::HashTable(sliceOrder);
    for (const auto& [n1, r1]: sliceOrder) {
      for (const auto& [n2, r2]: copyOrder) {
        if (r1 > r2) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n1, n2);
          // initial_marks.insert({n1, n2}, '-');
        } else if (r2 > r1) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n2, n1);
          // initial_marks.insert({n2, n1}, '-');
        }
      }
      copyOrder.erase(n1);
    }
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    const auto& totalOrder = constraintTotalOrder_.totalOrder();
    for (auto iter1 = totalOrder.begin(); iter1 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter1) {
      const auto node1 = *iter1;
      for (auto iter2 = iter1 + 1; iter2 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter2) {
        forbiddenGraph.addArc(*iter2, node1);
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto node: constraintNoParentNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node2, node); }
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto node: constraintNoChildrenNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node, node2); }
      }
    }
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    algoMiic_.setMaxIndegree(constraintIndegree_.maxIndegree());
    algoMiic_.addConstraints(initial_marks);
    algoMiic_.setMandatoryGraph(mandatoryGraph);
    algoMiic_.setForbiddenGraph(forbiddenGraph);
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    // create the mutual entropy object
    // if ( _mutual_info_ == nullptr) { this->useNMLCorrection(); }
    createCorrectedMutualInformation_();
 
    // GUM_CHECKPOINT
    return mgraph;
  }
 
  MixedGraph IBNLearner::preparePC_() {
    MixedGraph mgraph;
    DiGraph    forbiddenGraph;
    DAG        mandatoryGraph;
 
    for (Size i = 0; i < scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().nbVariables(); ++i) {
      mgraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      forbiddenGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      mandatoryGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
    }
 
    const EdgeSet& possible_edges = constraintPossibleEdges_.edges();
    if (possible_edges.empty()) {
      for (const NodeId i: mgraph.nodes()) {
        for (NodeId j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
          mgraph.addEdge(j, i);
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (const auto& edge: possible_edges) {
        mgraph.addEdge(edge.first(), edge.second());
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto& arc: constraintMandatoryArcs_.arcs()) {
      mandatoryGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
      forbiddenGraph.addArc(arc.head(), arc.tail());
    }
    for (const auto& arc: constraintForbiddenArcs_.arcs()) {
      forbiddenGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
    }
 
    const gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size > sliceOrder = constraintSliceOrder_.sliceOrder();
    gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size >       copyOrder  = gum::HashTable(sliceOrder);
    for (const auto& [n1, r1]: sliceOrder) {
      for (const auto& [n2, r2]: copyOrder) {
        if (r1 > r2) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n1, n2);
        } else if (r2 > r1) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n2, n1);
        }
      }
      copyOrder.erase(n1);
    }
 
    const auto& totalOrder = constraintTotalOrder_.totalOrder();
    for (auto iter1 = totalOrder.begin(); iter1 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter1) {
      for (auto iter2 = iter1 + 1; iter2 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter2) {
        forbiddenGraph.addArc(*iter2, *iter1);
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto node: constraintNoParentNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node2, node); }
      }
    }
    for (const auto node: constraintNoChildrenNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node, node2); }
      }
    }
 
    // build the independence test (owned by IBNLearner)
    if (indepTestPC_) {
      delete indepTestPC_;
      indepTestPC_ = nullptr;
    }
    if (indepTestTypePC_ == IndepTestType::Chi2) {
      indepTestPC_ = new IndepTestChi2(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                       *noPrior_,
                                       ranges_,
                                       scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    } else {
      indepTestPC_ = new IndepTestG2(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                     *noPrior_,
                                     ranges_,
                                     scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    }
 
    algoPC_.setMaxIndegree(constraintIndegree_.maxIndegree());
    algoPC_.setMandatoryGraph(mandatoryGraph);
    algoPC_.setForbiddenGraph(forbiddenGraph);
    algoPC_.setIndependenceTest(*indepTestPC_);
    algoPC_.setAlpha(alphaPc_);
    algoPC_.setStable(stablePc_);
    algoPC_.setMaxCondSetSize(maxCondSetSizePc_);
    algoPC_.setUCPriority(sortedUCPc_ ? gum::learning::PC::UCPriority::Sorted
                                      : gum::learning::PC::UCPriority::Standard);
 
    return mgraph;
  }
 
  MixedGraph IBNLearner::prepareFCI_() {
    MixedGraph mgraph;
    DiGraph    forbiddenGraph;
    DAG        mandatoryGraph;
 
    for (Size i = 0; i < scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().nbVariables(); ++i) {
      mgraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      forbiddenGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
      mandatoryGraph.addNodeWithId(i);
    }
 
    const EdgeSet& possible_edges = constraintPossibleEdges_.edges();
    if (possible_edges.empty()) {
      for (const NodeId i: mgraph.nodes()) {
        for (NodeId j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
          mgraph.addEdge(j, i);
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (const auto& edge: possible_edges) {
        mgraph.addEdge(edge.first(), edge.second());
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto& arc: constraintMandatoryArcs_.arcs()) {
      mandatoryGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
      forbiddenGraph.addArc(arc.head(), arc.tail());
    }
    for (const auto& arc: constraintForbiddenArcs_.arcs()) {
      forbiddenGraph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
    }
 
    const gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size > sliceOrder = constraintSliceOrder_.sliceOrder();
    gum::NodeProperty< gum::Size >       copyOrder  = gum::HashTable(sliceOrder);
    for (const auto& [n1, r1]: sliceOrder) {
      for (const auto& [n2, r2]: copyOrder) {
        if (r1 > r2) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n1, n2);
        } else if (r2 > r1) {
          forbiddenGraph.addArc(n2, n1);
        }
      }
      copyOrder.erase(n1);
    }
 
    const auto& totalOrder = constraintTotalOrder_.totalOrder();
    for (auto iter1 = totalOrder.begin(); iter1 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter1) {
      for (auto iter2 = iter1 + 1; iter2 != totalOrder.end(); ++iter2) {
        forbiddenGraph.addArc(*iter2, *iter1);
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto node: constraintNoParentNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node2, node); }
      }
    }
    for (const auto node: constraintNoChildrenNodes_.nodes()) {
      for (const auto node2: mgraph.nodes()) {
        if (node != node2) { forbiddenGraph.addArc(node, node2); }
      }
    }
 
    if (indepTestFCI_) {
      delete indepTestFCI_;
      indepTestFCI_ = nullptr;
    }
    if (indepTestTypeFCI_ == IndepTestType::Chi2) {
      indepTestFCI_ = new IndepTestChi2(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                        *noPrior_,
                                        ranges_,
                                        scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    } else {
      indepTestFCI_ = new IndepTestG2(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                      *noPrior_,
                                      ranges_,
                                      scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    }
 
    algoFCI_.setMaxIndegree(constraintIndegree_.maxIndegree());
    algoFCI_.setMandatoryGraph(mandatoryGraph);
    algoFCI_.setForbiddenGraph(forbiddenGraph);
    algoFCI_.setIndependenceTest(*indepTestFCI_);
    algoFCI_.setAlpha(alphaFci_);
    algoFCI_.setMaxPathLength(maxPathLengthFci_);
    algoFCI_.setExhaustiveSepSet(exhaustiveSepSetFci_);
 
    return mgraph;
  }
 
  PDAG IBNLearner::learnPDAG_() {
    if (selectedAlgo_ != AlgoType::MIIC && selectedAlgo_ != AlgoType::PC
        && selectedAlgo_ != AlgoType::FCI) {
      GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed,
                "Score-based algorithms do not build PDAG. Please use a constraint-based "
                "algorithm instead")
    }
    // check that the database does not contain any missing value
    if (scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().hasMissingValues()) {
      GUM_ERROR(MissingValueInDatabase,
                "For the moment, the BNLearner is unable to learn "
                    << "structures with missing values in databases")
    }
 
    if (selectedAlgo_ == AlgoType::PC) {
      BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoPC_);
      MixedGraph        mgraph = this->preparePC_();
      return algoPC_.learnPDAG(mgraph);
    }
 
    if (selectedAlgo_ == AlgoType::FCI) {
      BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoFCI_);
      MixedGraph        mgraph = this->prepareFCI_();
      return algoFCI_.learnPDAG(mgraph);
    }
 
    BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoMiic_);
    // create the mixedGraph_constraint_MandatoryArcs.arcs
    MixedGraph mgraph = this->prepareMiic_();
    algoMiic_.setMutualInformation(*mutualInfo_);
    return algoMiic_.learnPDAG(mgraph);
  }
 
  PDAG IBNLearner::learnPDAG() {
    auto pdag = learnPDAG_();
    for (const auto i: pdag) {
      pdag.setName(i, scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().variableName(i));
    }
    return pdag;
  }
 
  PAG IBNLearner::learnPAG_() {
    if (selectedAlgo_ != AlgoType::FCI) {
      GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed, "learnPAG() is only valid when using the FCI algorithm")
    }
    if (scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().hasMissingValues()) {
      GUM_ERROR(MissingValueInDatabase,
                "For the moment, the BNLearner is unable to learn "
                    << "structures with missing values in databases")
    }
    BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoFCI_);
    MixedGraph        mgraph = this->prepareFCI_();
    return algoFCI_.learnPAG(mgraph);
  }
 
  PAG IBNLearner::learnPAG() {
    auto pag = learnPAG_();
    for (const auto i: pag) {
      pag.setName(i, scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().variableName(i));
    }
    return pag;
  }
 
  DAG IBNLearner::learnDAG() {
    createPrior_();
    createScore_();
    auto dag = learnDag_();
    for (const auto i: dag) {
      dag.setName(i, scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().variableName(i));
    }
    return dag;
  }
 
  void IBNLearner::createCorrectedMutualInformation_() {
    if (mutualInfo_ != nullptr) delete mutualInfo_;
 
    mutualInfo_ = new CorrectedMutualInformation(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                                 *noPrior_,
                                                 ranges_,
                                                 scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    switch (kmodeMiic_) {
      using enum CorrectedMutualInformation::KModeTypes;
      case MDL : mutualInfo_->useMDL(); break;
      case NML : mutualInfo_->useNML(); break;
      case NoCorr : mutualInfo_->useNoCorr(); break;
      default :
        GUM_ERROR(NotImplementedYet,
                  "The BNLearner's corrected mutual information class does "
                      << "not implement yet this correction : " << int(kmodeMiic_))
    }
  }
 
  DAG IBNLearner::learnDag_() {
    // check that the database does not contain any missing value
    if (scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().hasMissingValues()
        || ((priorDatabase_ != nullptr)
            && (priorType_ == BNLearnerPriorType::DIRICHLET_FROM_DATABASE)
            && priorDatabase_->databaseTable().hasMissingValues())) {
      GUM_ERROR(MissingValueInDatabase,
                "For the moment, the BNLearner is unable to cope "
                "with missing values in databases")
    }
    // add the mandatory arcs to the initial dag and remove the forbidden ones
    // from the initial graph
    DAG init_graph = initialDag_;
 
    for (const auto& arc: constraintMandatoryArcs_.arcs()) {
      if (!init_graph.exists(arc.tail())) init_graph.addNodeWithId(arc.tail());
 
      if (!init_graph.exists(arc.head())) init_graph.addNodeWithId(arc.head());
 
      init_graph.addArc(arc.tail(), arc.head());
    }
 
    for (const auto& arc: constraintForbiddenArcs_.arcs())
      init_graph.eraseArc(arc);
 
 
    switch (selectedAlgo_) {
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::PC : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoPC_);
        MixedGraph        mgraph = this->preparePC_();
        return algoPC_.learnDAG(mgraph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::FCI : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoFCI_);
        MixedGraph        mgraph = this->prepareFCI_();
        return algoFCI_.learnDAG(mgraph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::MIIC : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoMiic_);
        // create the mixedGraph and the corrected mutual information
        MixedGraph mgraph = this->prepareMiic_();
 
        algoMiic_.setMutualInformation(*mutualInfo_);
        return algoMiic_.learnDAG(mgraph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::GREEDY_HILL_CLIMBING : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, greedyHillClimbing_);
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges,
                                       StructuralConstraintSliceOrder,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintTotalOrder >
            invariable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintMandatoryArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintForbiddenArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintPossibleEdges_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintSliceOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintSliceOrder_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoParentNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTotalOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintTotalOrder_;
 
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintIndegree, StructuralConstraintDAG >
            variable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
        GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                              invariable_constraints,
                                              variable_constraints);
 
        // enforce that greedy hill climbing uses arc additions, deletions and reversals
        // and only these operations
        selector.useArcAdditions(true);
        selector.useArcDeletions(true);
        selector.useArcReversals(true);
        selector.useArcTriangleDeletions(false);
 
        return greedyHillClimbing_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::EXTENDED_GREEDY_HILL_CLIMBING : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, extendedGreedyHillClimbing_);
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintSliceOrder,
                                       StructuralConstraintTotalOrder >
            invariable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintMandatoryArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintForbiddenArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintPossibleEdges_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintSliceOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintSliceOrder_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoParentNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTotalOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintTotalOrder_;
 
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintIndegree, StructuralConstraintDAG >
            variable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
        GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                              invariable_constraints,
                                              variable_constraints);
 
        selector.useArcAdditions(allowArcAdditions_);
        selector.useArcDeletions(allowArcDeletions_);
        selector.useArcReversals(allowArcReversals_);
        selector.useArcTriangleDeletions(allowArcTriangleDeletions_);
 
        return greedyHillClimbing_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::GREEDY_THICK_THINNING : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, greedyThickThinning_);
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges,
                                       StructuralConstraintSliceOrder,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintTotalOrder >
            invariable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintMandatoryArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintForbiddenArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintPossibleEdges_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintSliceOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintSliceOrder_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoParentNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTotalOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintTotalOrder_;
 
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintIndegree, StructuralConstraintDAG >
            variable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
        GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                              invariable_constraints,
                                              variable_constraints);
 
        return greedyThickThinning_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::LOCAL_SEARCH_WITH_TABU_LIST : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, localSearchWithTabuList_);
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges,
                                       StructuralConstraintSliceOrder,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintTotalOrder >
            invariable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintMandatoryArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintForbiddenArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintPossibleEdges_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintSliceOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintSliceOrder_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoParentNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTotalOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintTotalOrder_;
 
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintTabuList,
                                       StructuralConstraintIndegree,
                                       StructuralConstraintDAG >
            variable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTabuList& >(variable_constraints) = constraintTabuList_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
        GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                              invariable_constraints,
                                              variable_constraints);
 
        selector.useArcAdditions(allowArcAdditions_);
        selector.useArcDeletions(allowArcDeletions_);
        selector.useArcReversals(allowArcReversals_);
        selector.useArcTriangleDeletions(allowArcTriangleDeletions_);
 
        return localSearchWithTabuList_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
      }
 
      // ========================================================================
      case AlgoType::K2 : {
        BNLearnerListener listener(this, algoK2_.approximationScheme());
        StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs,
                                       StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes,
                                       StructuralConstraintTotalOrder >
            invariable_constraints;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintMandatoryArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintForbiddenArcs& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintForbiddenArcs_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintPossibleEdges& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintPossibleEdges_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoParentNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoParentNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintNoChildrenNodes& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintNoChildrenNodes_;
        static_cast< StructuralConstraintTotalOrder& >(invariable_constraints)
            = constraintTotalOrder_;
 
        // if some mandatory arcs are incompatible with the order, use a DAG
        // constraint instead of a DiGraph constraint to avoid cycles
        const ArcSet& mandatory_arcs
            = static_cast< StructuralConstraintMandatoryArcs& >(invariable_constraints).arcs();
        const Sequence< NodeId >& order            = algoK2_.order();
        bool                      order_compatible = true;
 
        for (const auto& arc: mandatory_arcs) {
          if (order.pos(arc.tail()) >= order.pos(arc.head())) {
            order_compatible = false;
            break;
          }
        }
 
        if (order_compatible) {
          StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintIndegree, StructuralConstraintDiGraph >
              variable_constraints;
          static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
          GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                                invariable_constraints,
                                                variable_constraints);
 
          return algoK2_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
        } else {
          StructuralConstraintSetStatic< StructuralConstraintIndegree, StructuralConstraintDAG >
              variable_constraints;
          static_cast< StructuralConstraintIndegree& >(variable_constraints) = constraintIndegree_;
 
          GraphChangesSelector4DiGraph selector(*score_,
                                                invariable_constraints,
                                                variable_constraints);
 
          return algoK2_.learnStructure(selector, init_graph);
        }
      }
    }
 
    GUM_ERROR(OperationNotAllowed,
              "the learnDAG method has not been implemented for this "
              "learning algorithm")
  }
 
  std::string IBNLearner::checkScorePriorCompatibility() const {
    if (this->isConstraintBased()) return "";
 
    const auto prior = getPriorType_();
 
    switch (scoreType_) {
      using enum gum::learning::IBNLearner::ScoreType;
      case AIC : return ScoreAIC::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case BD : return ScoreBD::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case BDeu : return ScoreBDeu::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case BIC : return ScoreBIC::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case fNML : return ScorefNML::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case K2 : return ScoreK2::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case LOG2LIKELIHOOD : return ScoreLog2Likelihood::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      case MDL : return ScoreMDL::isPriorCompatible(prior, priorWeight_);
 
      default : return "IBNLearner does not support yet this score";
    }
  }

  std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t >
      IBNLearner::useCrossValidationFold(const std::size_t learning_fold,
                                         const std::size_t k_fold) {
    if (k_fold == 0) { GUM_ERROR(OutOfBounds, "K-fold cross validation with k=0 is forbidden") }
 
    if (learning_fold >= k_fold) {
      GUM_ERROR(OutOfBounds,
                "In " << k_fold << "-fold cross validation, the learning "
                      << "fold should be strictly lower than " << k_fold
                      << " but, here, it is equal to " << learning_fold)
    }
 
    const std::size_t db_size = scoreDatabase_.databaseTable().nbRows();
    if (k_fold >= db_size) {
      GUM_ERROR(OutOfBounds,
                "In " << k_fold << "-fold cross validation, the database's "
                      << "size should be strictly greater than " << k_fold
                      << " but, here, the database has only " << db_size << "rows")
    }
 
    // create the ranges of rows of the test database
    const std::size_t foldSize   = db_size / k_fold;
    const std::size_t unfold_deb = learning_fold * foldSize;
    const std::size_t unfold_end = unfold_deb + foldSize;
 
    ranges_.clear();
    if (learning_fold == std::size_t(0)) {
      ranges_.push_back(std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t >(unfold_end, db_size));
    } else {
      ranges_.push_back(std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t >(std::size_t(0), unfold_deb));
 
      if (learning_fold != k_fold - 1) {
        ranges_.push_back(std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t >(unfold_end, db_size));
      }
    }
 
    return std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t >(unfold_deb, unfold_end);
  }
 
  std::pair< double, double >
      IBNLearner::chi2(const NodeId id1, const NodeId id2, const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    createPrior_();
    gum::learning::IndepTestChi2 chi2score(scoreDatabase_.parser(), *prior_, databaseRanges());
 
    return chi2score.statistics(id1, id2, knowing);
  }
 
  std::pair< double, double > IBNLearner::chi2(std::string_view                  name1,
                                               std::string_view                  name2,
                                               const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
    std::transform(knowing.begin(),
                   knowing.end(),
                   std::back_inserter(knowingIds),
                   [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); });
    return chi2(idFromName(name1), idFromName(name2), knowingIds);
  }
 
  std::pair< double, double >
      IBNLearner::G2(const NodeId id1, const NodeId id2, const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    createPrior_();
    gum::learning::IndepTestG2 g2score(scoreDatabase_.parser(), *prior_, databaseRanges());
    return g2score.statistics(id1, id2, knowing);
  }
 
  std::pair< double, double > IBNLearner::G2(std::string_view                  name1,
                                             std::string_view                  name2,
                                             const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
    std::transform(knowing.begin(),
                   knowing.end(),
                   std::back_inserter(knowingIds),
                   [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); });
    return G2(idFromName(name1), idFromName(name2), knowingIds);
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::logLikelihood(const std::vector< NodeId >& vars,
                                   const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    createPrior_();
    gum::learning::ScoreLog2Likelihood ll2score(scoreDatabase_.parser(), *prior_, databaseRanges());
 
    std::vector< NodeId > total(vars);
    total.insert(total.end(), knowing.begin(), knowing.end());
    double LLtotal = ll2score.score(IdCondSet(total, false, true));
    if (knowing.size() == (Size)0) {
      return LLtotal;
    } else {
      double LLknw = ll2score.score(IdCondSet(knowing, false, true));
      return LLtotal - LLknw;
    }
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::logLikelihood(const std::vector< std::string >& vars,
                                   const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    std::vector< NodeId > ids;
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
 
    auto mapper = [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); };
 
    std::transform(vars.begin(), vars.end(), std::back_inserter(ids), mapper);
    std::transform(knowing.begin(), knowing.end(), std::back_inserter(knowingIds), mapper);
 
    return logLikelihood(ids, knowingIds);
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::correctedMutualInformation(const NodeId                 id1,
                                                const NodeId                 id2,
                                                const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    createPrior_();
    gum::learning::CorrectedMutualInformation cmi(scoreDatabase_.parser(),
                                                  *prior_,
                                                  databaseRanges());
 
    switch (kmodeMiic_) {
      using enum gum::learning::CorrectedMutualInformation::KModeTypes;
      case MDL : cmi.useMDL(); break;
 
      case NML : cmi.useNML(); break;
 
      case NoCorr : cmi.useNoCorr(); break;
 
      default :
        GUM_ERROR(NotImplementedYet,
                  "The BNLearner's corrected mutual information class does "
                      << "not implement yet this correction : " << int(kmodeMiic_))
    }
    if (knowing.size() == (Size)0) return cmi.score(id1, id2) / scoreDatabase_.weight();
    else return cmi.score(id1, id2, knowing) / scoreDatabase_.weight();
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::correctedMutualInformation(std::string_view                  var1,
                                                std::string_view                  var2,
                                                const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
 
    auto mapper = [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); };
 
    std::transform(knowing.begin(), knowing.end(), std::back_inserter(knowingIds), mapper);
 
    return correctedMutualInformation(this->idFromName(var1), this->idFromName(var2), knowingIds);
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::mutualInformation(const NodeId                 id1,
                                       const NodeId                 id2,
                                       const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    const auto prior = NoPrior(scoreDatabase_.databaseTable(), scoreDatabase_.nodeId2Columns());
    gum::learning::CorrectedMutualInformation cmi(scoreDatabase_.parser(), prior, databaseRanges());
    cmi.useNoCorr();
 
    if (knowing.size() == (Size)0) return cmi.score(id1, id2) / scoreDatabase_.weight();
    else return cmi.score(id1, id2, knowing) / scoreDatabase_.weight();
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::mutualInformation(std::string_view                  var1,
                                       std::string_view                  var2,
                                       const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
 
    auto mapper = [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); };
 
    std::transform(knowing.begin(), knowing.end(), std::back_inserter(knowingIds), mapper);
 
    return mutualInformation(this->idFromName(var1), this->idFromName(var2), knowingIds);
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::score(const NodeId var, const std::vector< NodeId >& knowing) {
    createPrior_();
    createScore_();
 
    return score_->score(var, knowing);
  }
 
  double IBNLearner::score(std::string_view var, const std::vector< std::string >& knowing) {
    auto mapper = [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); };
 
    const NodeId          id = this->idFromName(var);
    std::vector< NodeId > knowingIds;
    knowingIds.reserve(knowing.size());
    std::transform(knowing.begin(), knowing.end(), std::back_inserter(knowingIds), mapper);
 
    return score(id, knowingIds);
  }
 
  std::vector< double > IBNLearner::rawPseudoCount(const std::vector< NodeId >& vars) {
    if (this->hasMissingValues()) {
      GUM_ERROR(MissingValueInDatabase,
                "BNLearner cannot compute pseudo-counts with missing values in the database")
    }
    if (vars.empty()) {
      GUM_ERROR(OutOfBounds, "BNLearner::rawPseudoCount called with an empty vector of variables")
    }
    Tensor< double > res;
 
    createPrior_();
    gum::learning::PseudoCount count(scoreDatabase_.parser(), *prior_, databaseRanges());
    return count.get(vars);
  }
 
  std::vector< double > IBNLearner::rawPseudoCount(const std::vector< std::string >& vars) {
    std::vector< NodeId > ids;
 
    auto mapper = [this](const std::string& c) { return this->idFromName(c); };
 
    std::transform(vars.begin(), vars.end(), std::back_inserter(ids), mapper);
    return rawPseudoCount(ids);
  }

  void IBNLearner::useDatabaseRanges(
      const std::vector< std::pair< std::size_t, std::size_t > >& new_ranges) {
    // use a score to detect whether the ranges are ok
    ScoreLog2Likelihood score(scoreDatabase_.parser(), *noPrior_);
    score.setRanges(new_ranges);
    ranges_ = score.ranges();
  }
}   // namespace gum::learning